Microsoft (Microsoft AI) Serving Engine Internals interview questions

Most answers still describe building a TensorRT engine per GPU and batch shape. The current release accepts only the PyTorch backend, and its default admission policy can halve your concurrency. The answer covers both, then says when it is still the right engine.

One engine is built to run a model anywhere with one user; the other is built to share a datacenter GPU across hundreds. The answer turns that into memory-bandwidth arithmetic and finds the cases where the laptop wins.

Five processes, one scheduler with no prefill phase, and a busy loop that should never wait on Python. The answer maps each stage to the component that owns it in the current source, not the 2023 paper.

Three flags, three different budgets, and one startup check that fails a 70B deployment on two H100s with a message most people misread. The answer walks the memory profile in the order vLLM runs it.

A graph freezes shapes, so engines capture dozens of them and round every batch up. The answer prices that rounding in the regime where decode lives and finds the real costs somewhere else.

A block's identity is a hash of its tokens and of every block before it. The answer traces one request through hashing, lookup, the last-token rule and eviction, with a runnable model of the lookup.

Both reuse KV for shared prefixes, and on a 2K-token chat prompt their hit rates differ by under one percent. The answer finds the differences that do matter, from eviction policy to whether a cache key means anything outside one process.

The GPU finishes a decode step and waits while Python appends tokens, checks stop strings and plans the next batch. The answer shows how the loop reorders that work, where the placeholder tokens live, and the request that pays for it.

Decode each token on its own and an emoji streams as two replacement characters. The answer builds the offset-window decoder that fixes it, runs it, and adds the stop-string holdback that most streaming bugs come from.

Eight tenants, eight adapters, one base model and one batch. The answer explains why the extra cost scales with distinct adapters rather than requests, and which default serializes them.

The mask is a 16 KB bitmap per request. Whether it costs nothing or stalls every step depends on which thread computes it and what it is allowed to overlap with.

Same command line, new version, lower throughput. The answer is a method: capture the resolved configuration on both sides, diff the handful of defaults that move every quarter, then pin and bisect.

About a hundred lines of Python that admit, chunk, preempt, sample and stream. The interviewer is watching where the KV accounting lives and what happens when the pool runs dry.

The scheduler did not change; the code that turns its decisions into GPU tensors did. The answer covers where per-request state now lives, why Triton became a hard dependency, and the feature list that silently puts you back on the old runner.

Short prompts, enormous replies, and a KV footprint that grows every step after admission. The answer sizes the batch from the pool, prices a preemption, and shows why per-user speed, not throughput, is the number to defend.

Compare three capture policies using a memory ledger and a matched workload. Recover the missing KV pages, then defend a policy against both capacity and latency constraints.